Corrosion effect on reinforced concrete with the addition of graphite powder and its evaluation on physical-electrochemical properties
Abstract
The corrosion of reinforced concrete without and with the addition of graphite powder with low carbon content was evaluated. Phase identification processes and physical-electrochemical properties of the concrete were analyzed using X-ray diffraction techniques (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), half-cell potential, electrochemical noise (EN) and linear polarization resistance (LPR). Samples were studied for 168 days in saline solution. The results show that, when adding graphite powder in an amount of 2.5% by weight of cement, the compressive strength increased if compared with the control sample. The electrochemical tests show that the higher the level of graphite replacement, the higher the level of corrosion in concrete.
Downloads
References
American Concrete Institute (2002) “ACI. 211.1-91: Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal, Heavyweight, and Mass Concrete” (Reapproved 2009),1-38.
ASTM International. (2019). “ASTM C31 / C31M-19a, Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field” https://doi.org/10.1520/C0031_C0031M-19A
ASTM International. (2020). “ASTM C39 / C39M-20, Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens”.https://doi.org/10.1520/C0039_C0039M-20
ASTM International. (2020). “ASTM C150 / C150M-20, Standard Specification for Portland Cement”. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0150_C0150M-20
ASTM International. (2017). “ASTM C231 / C231M-17a, Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method”.https://doi.org/10.1520/C0231_C0231M-17ª
ASTM International. (2009). “ASTM C876-09, Standard Test Method for Corrosion Potentials of Uncoated Reinforcing Steel in Concrete”.https://doi.org/10.1520/C0876-09
ASTM International. (2014). “ASTM G59-97, Standard Test Method for Conducting Potentiodynamic Polarization Resistance Measurements”. https://doi.org/10.1520/G0059-97R14
Becerra, J. (2014). “Efectos de la silice amorfa en las propiedades cristaloquímicas y mecánicas del hormigón en un medio salino”. Thesis, Universidad Austral de Chile, p. 76.
Berkeley, K. G., Pathmanaban, S. (1990), “Cathodic protectión of reinforcement steel in concrete”, Ed. Butterworths, United Kingdom, ISBN 0-408-03270-1.
Bertocci, U., Gabrielli, C., Huet, F., & Keddam, M. (1997). “Noise resistance applied to corrosion measurements: I. Theoretical analysis”. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 144(1), 31.
Blanco, Y. D., Campos, E. C. M., Valdés, C. I. R., Uruchurtu, C. J. (2019). “Natural additive (nopal mucilage) on the electrochemical properties of concrete reinforcing steel”. Revista ALCONPAT, 9(3), 260-276. doi: https://doi.org/10.21041/ra.v9i3.429
Castellote, M., Andrade, C., Alonso, C. (2002) “Accelerated simultaneous determination of the chloride depassivation threshold and of the nonstationary diffusion coefficient values”, Corrosion Science, 44, 2409-2424, 2002. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(02)00060-4
Chess, P., Gronvold and Karnov, (1998), “Cathodic protectión of steel in concrete”, E&FN Spon, United Kingdom, ISBN 0-419-23010-6.
Chung, D. D. L. (2000). “Cement reinforced with short carbon fibers: a multifunctional material”. Composites Part B: Engineering, 31(6-7), 511-526. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-8368(99)00071-2
Garcés, P., Andión, L. G., De la Varga, I., Catalá, G., Zornoza, E. (2007). “Corrosion of steel reinforcement in structural concrete with carbon material addition”. Corrosion science, 49(6), 2557-2566. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2006.12.009
Giraldo, M. A., Tobón, J. I. (2006). “Evolución mineralógica del cemento portland durante el proceso de hidratación”. Dyna, 73(148), 69-81.
Goellner., J. (2004). "Elektrochemisches Rauschen bei der Korrosion", Werkstoffe und Korrosion, Vol. 55, pp. 727-734, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.200403810
González, J., & Jimmy, R. (2003). “Inspección y Diagnóstico de Corrosión en Estructuras de Hormigón Armado para Aplicaciones Portuarias” (Doctoral dissertation, Tesis, Facultad de Ingeniería en Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral).
Ha, T. H., Muralidharan, S., Bae, J. H., Ha, Y. C., Lee, H. G., Park, K. W., Kim, D. K. (2005). “Effect of unburnt carbon on the corrosion performance of fly ash cement mortar”. Construction and Building Materials, 19(7), 509-515. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.01.005
Helena, J., Lucia, M. D. (2011). “X-ray diffraction study of hydration processes in the Portland cement”. Journal of Applied Engineering Science, 1(1), 79-86.
Heymsfield, E., Osweiler, A. B., Selvam, R. P., Kuss, M. (2013). “Feasibility of anti-icing airfield pavements using conductive concrete and renewable solar energy”. (No.DOT/FAA/TC-13/8).
O.T. de Rincón y Miembros de la red DURAR, “Manual de Inspección, Evaluación y Diagnóstico de Corrosión en Estructuras de Hormigón Armado”, CYTED. Maracaibo, Venezuela, 1997 (1era.Ed).
Román, A. S., Barrientos, M. S., Harms, F., Mendez, C. M., Ares, A. E. (2016, April). “Resistencia corrosión de acero inoxidable AISI 304L en biodiesel de soja”. In ANALES AFA (Vol. 27, No. 1). doi: https://doi.org/10.31527/analesafa.2016.27.1.14
Sagües, A. A. (1991). “Critical Issues in Electrochemical Corrosion Measurement. Techniques for Steel in Concrete”. CORROSION/91, NACE. Paper 141.
Salazar-Jiménez, J. A. (2015). “Introducción al fenómeno de corrosión: tipos, factores que influyen y control para la protección de materiales”. Revista Tecnología en Marcha, 28(3), 127-136.
Sánchez, A., Sanjurjo, M., Bouzada, F., Urrejola, S. (2005). “Análisis estadístico de los registros de ruido electroquímico obtenidos en la corrosión del aluminio”. Revista de metalurgia, 41(5), 330-339. doi: https://doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.2005.v41.i5.222
Sánchez-Amaya, J. M., Bethencourt, M., Gonzalez-Rovira, L., Botana, F. J. (2009). “Medida de ruido electroquímico para el estudio de procesos de corrosión de aleaciones metálicas”. Revista de metalurgia, 45(2), 142-156. doi: https://doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.0807
Sanz, J. L. P., Torres, C. L., Cano, E., Bastidas, J. M. (1999). “Estudio de impedancia de la corrosión del acero inoxidable AISI 316L en las regiones pasiva y de picadura”. Revista de metalurgia, 35(6), 368-378. doi: https://doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.1999.v35.i6.645
Solís-Carcaño, R, Moreno, E. I. (2006). “Análisis de la porosidad del concreto con agregado calizo”. Revista de la Facultad de Ingeniería de la UCV, 21(3), 57-68.
Tascón, J. M. (2007). “Materiales de carbono: estructuras y formas. Óptica pura y aplicada”. 40(2),149-159.
Vetter, M., Gonzalez-Rodriguez, J., Nauha, E., Kerr, T. (2019). “The use of Raman spectroscopy to monitor phase changes in concrete following high temperature exposure”. Construction and Building Materials, 204, 450-457. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.165
Vidaud, E., & Vidaud, I. (2012). “La carbonatación en el concreto reforzado”, Construcción y tecnología en concreto. Pág, 21-23.
Wu, S. P., Wang, P., Li, B., Pang, L., Guo, F. (2014). “Study on mechanical and thermal properties of graphite modified cement concrete”. In Key Engineering Materials (Vol. 599, pp. 84-88). Trans Tech Publications Ltd. doi: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.599.84
Yuan, H. W., Lu, C. H., Xu, Z. Z., Ni, Y. R., Lan, X. H. (2012). “Mechanical and thermal properties of cement composite graphite for solar thermal storage materials”. Solar energy, 86(11), 3227-3233. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2012.08.011
Zhao, B., Li, J. H., Hu, R. G., Du, R. G., Lin, C. J. (2007). “Study on the corrosion behavior of reinforcing steel in cement mortar by electrochemical noise measurements”. Electrochimica Acta, 52(12), 3976-3984. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2006.11.015
_______________________________
License in effect from September 2020
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
.png)
