Adhesion, strengthening and durability issues in the retrofitting of Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams using Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) – A Review
Abstract
This paper addresses the mechanics of adhesion, strengthening effect and durability issues of applications of CFRP composite materials in beams. The application of CFRP materials has been widely described, but the main focus has been on overall failure parameters. The first issue is strengthening capability of CFRP reinforcement for concrete beams. The second is the local interface bond stress-slip relationship, that is, the local t-slip. The last issue is the durability of the CFRP sheet/plate, when exposed to a hydro-thermal environment. The role of adhesion and the mechanics of concrete-CFRP adhesion and a sound understanding of the interface between the CFRP and concrete behavior is the key factor for controlling debonding failures in CFRP-strengthened RC beams.
Downloads
References
Adamson, M. J. (1980), Thermal expansion and swelling of cured epoxy resin used in graphite/epoxy composite materials, Journal of Materials Science, Volume 15, I (7): 1736–1745, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00550593
Adhikary, B. B. and Mutsuyoshi, H., (2001). Study on the bond between concrete and externally bonded CFRP sheet, Proceedings of the 5th international symposium on fiber reinforced Concrete structures (FRPCRS-5), Thomas Telford Publishing, 371-378.
Aguiar, J. B., Camoes, A. and Vaz, N. F. (2008), Effect of temperature on RC elements strengthened with CFRP. Materials and Structures 41:1133–1142, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-007-9311-4
Aiello, M. A., Focacci, F., Nanni, A. (2001), Effects of thermal loads on concrete cover of fiber-reinforced polymer reinforced elements: theoretical and experimental analysis. ACI Materials Journal, 98(4):332–339.
Bank, L. C., Gentry, T. R., Barkatt, A. (1995), Accelerated test methods to determine the long-term behavior of FRP composite structures: environmental effects. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 14(6), 559–587, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/073168449501400602
Bizindavyi, L., Neale, K. W. (1999), Transfer lengths and bond strength for composites bonded to concrete. ASCE, Journal of Composites for Construction, 3(4):153–160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(1999)3:4(153)
Bond, D. A. (2005), Moisture Diffusion in a Fiber-reinforced Composite: Part I – Non-Fickian Transport and the Effect of Fiber Spatial Distribution, Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 39(23): 2113-2141, https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998305052030
Buyukozturk, O., Hearing, B. (1998), Failure behavior of precracked concrete beams retrofitted with FRP. ASCE, Journal of Composites for Construction; 2(3):138–144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(1998)2:3(138)
Buyukozturk, O., Gunes, O., Karaca, E. (2004), Progress on understanding debonding problems in reinforced concrete and steel members strengthened using FRP composites. Construction and Building Materials, 18:9-19, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(03)00094-1
Camli, U. S. and Binici, B. (2007), Strength of carbon fiber reinforced polymers bonded to concrete and masonery. Construction and Building Materials, 21:1431-1446, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.07.003
Cauich-Cupul, J. I, Pérez-Pacheco, E., Valadez-González, A., Herrera-Franco, P. J., (2011), Effect of moisture absorption on the micromechanical behavior of carbon fiber/epoxy matrix composites, Journal of Materials Science, 46:6664–6672, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-011-5619-0
Chajes, M. J., Finch, W. W., Januszka, T. F., Thomson, T. A. (1996), Bond and force transfer of composite materials plates bonded to concrete. ACI Structural Journal, 93(2): 208–217.
Chen, F. J., Teng, G, J. (2001), Anchorage strength models for FRP and steel plates bonded to concrete, Journal of Structural Engineering, 127(7): 784-791, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2001)127:7(784)
Cho, J.-R., Park, S. Y., Cho, K., Kim, S. T., Kim, B.-S. (2012) Pull-out test and discrete spring model of fibre-reinforced polymer perfobond rib shear connector, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 39(12): 1311-1320, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2011-0573
CNR—Italian Research Council, Advisory Committee on Technical Recommendations for Construction (2004), “Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Existing Structures. Materials, RC and PC Structures, Masonry Structures
(CNR-DT 200/2004)†Rome, Italy, 144 pp
Dai, J. G., Ueda, T. and Sato, Y. (2006), Unified analytical approaches for determining shear bond characteristics of FRP-concrete interfaces through pull-out tests. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 4:133-145, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.4.133
De Lorenzis, L., Miller, B., Nanni A. (2001), Bond of fiber-reinforced polymer laminates to concrete. ACI Materials Journal, 98(3): 256-264.
Ferreira, M. P., Oliveira, M. H., Lima Neto, A. F., Tapajós, L. S., Nascimento, A., Freire, M. C. (2018), "Influence of anchorage on flexural strength of beams strengthened with CFRP sheets", Revista ALCONPAT, 9 (1): 30 – 47, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21041/ra.v9i1.269
FIB (2001), Externally bonded FRP reinforcement for RC structures, FIB bulletin 14 Technical Report.
Gheorghiu, C., Labossiere, P., Raiche, A. (2004), Environmental fatigue and static behavior of RC beams strengthened with carbon-fiber reinforced polymer. ASCE, Journal of Composites for Construction, 8(3):211–218, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2004)8:3(211)
Grace, N. F., Sayed, G. A., Soliman, A. K., Saleh, K. R. (1999), Strengthening reinforced concrete beams using fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) laminate. ACI Structural Journal, 96(5):865–874.
Grace N. F., Singh S. B. (2005), Durability evaluation of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer strengthened concrete beams: experimental study and design. ACI Structural Journal, 102(1):40–53.
Hamoush, S. A., Ahmad, S. H. (1990), Static strength tests of steel plate strengthened concrete beams. Materials and Structures; 23:116–125, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02472571
Hamze-Ziabari, S. M. and Yasalovi, A. (2017), Predicting bond strength between FRP plates and concrete substrate: Applications of GMDH and MNLR approaches, Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology 15: 644-661, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.15.644
Hawileh, R. A., Nawaz, W., Abdalla, J. A., Saqan, E. I. (2015), Effect of flexural CFRP sheets on shear resistance of reinforced concrete beams, Composite Structures 122: 468–476, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2014.12.010
Japan Concrete Institute JCI. 2003. “Technical report of technical committee on retrofit technology.†Proc., Int. Symp. on the Latest Achievement of Technology and Research on Retrofitting Concrete Structures, Sapporo, Japan
Jeffries, J. M., (2004), Bond behavior of fiber reinforced polymer laminates to concrete subjected to varied surface preparation". Masters Theses. 2498.
Karbhari, V. M., Engineer, M. (1996), Effect of environmental exposure on the external strengthening of concrete with composite–short term bond durability. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 15:1194–1216., DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/073168449601501202
Karbhari, V. M., Shulley, S. B. (1995), Use of composites for rehabilitation of steel structures – determination of bond durability. ASCE, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 7(4):239–245, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1995)7:4(239)
Karbhari, V. M., Zhao, L. (1998), Issues related to composite plating and environmental exposure effects on composite-concrete interface in external strengthening. Composite Structures, 40(3-4):293–304, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-8223(98)00031-2
Katz, A., Berman, N., Bank, L. C. (1999), Effect of high temperatures on bond strength of FRP rebars. ASCE Journal of Composites for Construction, 3(2):73–81, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(1999)3:2(73)
Khalifa, A., Gold, W. J., Nanni, A. and Aziz, A. (1998). Contribution of externally bonded FRP to shear capacity of RC members, Journal of Composites and Construction, ASCE, 2(4):195-203, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(1998)2:4(195)
Khan, A. R. and Shamsoon, F. (2014), Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened by CFRP Wraps with and without End Anchorages, Procedia Engineering 77: 123 – 130, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.07.011
Asp, L. E. (1998), The effects of moisture and temperature on the interlaminar delamination toughness of a carbon/epoxy composite. Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 58, (6): 967-977, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(97)00222-4
Leung, C. K. Y. (2001), Delamination failure in concrete beams retrofitted with a bonded plate, Fracture Mechanics of Concrete Structures, ASCE, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Volume 13, Issue 2, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2001)13:2(106)
Liau, W. B., Tseng, F. P. (1998), The effect of long-term ultraviolet light irradiation on polymer matrix composites, Polymer Composites, 19:440-445, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.10118
Lorenzis, L. D., Miller, B., Nanni, A. (2001), Bond of fiber-reinforced polymer laminates to concrete. ACI Materials Journal, 98(3):256–264.
Lu, X. Z., Teng, J. G., Ye, L. P., Jiang, J. J. (2005), Bond–slip models for FRP sheets/plates bonded to concrete, Engineering Structures, 27: 920-937, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.01.014
Lu, X. Z., Ye, L. P., Teng, J. G. and Jiang, J. J. (2005), Meso-scale finite element model for FRP sheets/plates bonded to concrete. Engineering Structures, 27(4): 564-575, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.11.015
Vanlandingham, M. R., Eduljee, R. F., Gillespie Jr., J. W. (1999), Moisture Diffusion in Epoxy Systems, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 71, 787-798, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990131)71:5<787::AID-APP12>3.0.CO;2-A
Maeda, T., Asano, Y., Sato, Y. Ueda, T. and Kakuta, Y. (1997). A study on bond mechanism of crbon fiber sheet, in Proceedings of 3rd international symposium on nonmetallic (FRP) reinforcement for concrete structures, Sapporo, Japan Concrete Institute, 1:279-285
Mander, J. B., Priestley, M. J. N., Park, R. (1998), Theoretical stress–strain model for confined concrete. ASCE, Journal of Structural Engineering, 114(8):1804–1826, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1988)114:8(1804)
Nakaba, K., Kanakubo, T., Furuta, T., Yoshizawa, H. (2001), Bond behavior between fiber reinforced polymer laminates and concrete. ACI Structural Journal, 98(3):359–367.
Neubauer, U. and Rostasy, F. S. (1997), Design aspects of concrete structures strengthened with externally bonded CFRP plates. Proceedings of seventh international conference on structural faults and repairs, Edinburgh, ECS Publications, 1:109-118.
Norris, T., Saadatmanesh, H., Ehsani, M. R. (1997), Shear and flexural strengthening of R/C beams with carbon fiber sheets. ASCE, Journal of Structural Engineering, 23(7):903–911, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1997)123:7(903)
Pendhari, S. S., Kant, T., Desai, Y. M. (2008), Application of polymer composites in civil construction: A general review. Composite Structures 84:114–124, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2007.06.007
Pérez-Pacheco, E., Cauich-Cupul, J. I., Valadez-González, A., Herrera-Franco, P. J. (2013), Effect of moisture absorption on the mechanical behavior of carbon fiber/epoxy matrix composites, Journal of Materials Science, 48:1873–1882, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-012-6947-4
Pérez-Pacheco, E., Moreno-Chulim, M. V., Valadez-González, A., Rios-Soberanis, C. R. and Herrera-Franco, P. J., (2011), Effect of the interphase microstructure on the behavior of carbon fiber/epoxy resin model composite in a thermal environment, Journal of Materials Science, 46:4026–4033, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-011-5331-0
Plevris, N., Triantafillou, T. C., (1994), Time-dependent behavior of RC members strengthened with FRP laminates. ASCE, Journal of Structural Engineering, 120(3):1016–1042, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1994)120:3(1016)
Selzer, R. and Friedrich, K. (1995), Infuence of water up-take on interlaminar fracture properties of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer composites. Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 30, No. 2, 334, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00354392
Saadatmanesh, H., Tannous, F. E. (1999). Long term behavior of aramid fiber reinforced plastic (AFRP) tendons. ACI Materials Journal, 96(3):297–305.
Sebastian, W. M. (2001), Significance of midspan debonding failure in FRP-plated concrete beams. ASCE, Journal of Structural Engineering, 127(7):792–798, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2001)127:7(792)
Springer, G. S. (1984), Environmental Effects on Composite Materials, Vol. 1, Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Technomic Publishing Company, Inc.
Swamy, R. N., Jones, R., Bloxham, J. W. (1987), Structural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams strengthened by epoxy-bonded steel plates. Structural Engineer, 65(2):59–68.
Swamy, R. N., Mukhopadhyaya, P. (1999), Debonding of carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer plate from concrete beams. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings, 134:301–317, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1680/istbu.1999.31897
Täljsten, B. (1997), Defining anchor lengths of steel and CFRP plates bonded to concrete. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 17(4):319–327, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-7496(97)00018-3
Tanaka, T., (1996), Shear resisting mechanism of reinforced concrete beams with CFS as shear reinforcement, Thesis (PhD). Hokkaido University.
Lim, T.â€Y., Paramasivam, P. and Lee, S.â€L. (1987), Behavior of Reinforced Steelâ€Fiberâ€Concrete Beams in Flexure. Journal of Structural Engineering; 113-12:2439. http://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1987)113:12(2439)
Todo, M., Nakamura, T. and Takahashi, K. (2000), Effects of moisture absorption on the dynamic interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon/epoxy composites. Journal of Composite Materials, 34(8): 630–648, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002199830003400801
Van Gemert, D. (1980), Force transfer in epoxy-bonded steel-concrete joints, International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 1, 67-72(1. 996), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0143-7496(80)90060-3
Vanlandingham, M. R., Eduljee, R. F., Gillespie, J. W. Jr., (1999), Relationships between Stoichiometry, Microstructure, and Properties for Amine-Cured Epoxies, Journal of Applied Polymer Science; 71: 699–712, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990131)71:5<699::AID-APP4>3.0.CO;2-D
Wang, C. Y., Shih, C. C., Hong, S. C., Hwang, W. C. (2004), Rehabilitation of cracked and corroded reinforced concrete beams with fiber-reinforced plastic patches. ASCE, Journal of Composites for Construction, 8(3):219–28, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2004)8:3(219)
Wang, S. and Chung, D. D. L. (2002), Effect of moisture on the interlaminar interface of a carbon fiber polymer-matrix composites, studied by contact electrical resistivity measurement, Composite Interfaces, Vol. 9, No. 5: 453-458, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15685540260256546
Xie, M., Hoa, S. V., Xiao, X. R. (1995), Bonding steel reinforced concrete with composites.
Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 14:949–63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/073168449501400903
Yuan, H., Wu, Z. and Yoshizawa, H. (2001), Theoretical Solutions on Interfacial Stress Transfer of Externally Bonded Steel/Composite Laminates. Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, J. Struct. Mech. Earthquake Eng., JSCE, 18 (675): 1-55, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2001.675_27
_______________________________
License in effect from September 2020
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.