Revisión sistemática sobre el uso de ceniza volcánica como material cementante suplementario: propiedades mecánicas y de durabilidad para aplicaciones en Ecuador.

Luis Jaime Fernández Sánchez; Luis Manuel Fernández Delgado; Diego Enrique Fernández Sánchez; Roberto Sebastián Quintana Vásconez; Yosvany Díaz Cárdenaz; Sandri Germánico Castro Angulo

doi:10.21041/ra.v16i3.1010

Authors

Luis Jaime Fernández Sánchez Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Sede Ambato https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2059-9730
Luis Manuel Fernández Delgado Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica
Diego Enrique Fernández Sánchez
Roberto Sebastián Quintana Vásconez Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Sede Ambato
Yosvany Díaz Cárdenaz Universidad Central Marta Abreu de Las Villas
Sandri Germánico Castro Angulo Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Sede Ambato, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21041/ra.v16i3.1010

Keywords:

volcanic ash, supplementary cementitious material, durability , pozzolanic reaction, clinker factor

Abstract

This systematic review evaluates volcanic ash as a supplementary cementitious material in mortars and concretes, emphasizing its applicability to the Ecuadorian context. Indexed studies were analyzed through a bibliometric strategy and a technical synthesis of mechanical performance, durability, and pozzolanic mechanisms. Results show favorable replacement ranges of 10–25%, associated with pore refinement and C-S-H/C-A-S-H formation. However, wider implementation is limited by chemical variability, fineness, Ca(OH)₂ availability, and the need for local characterization. The originality of this review lies in discussing these technical limits in relation to clinker factor reduction. It is concluded that its application requires technical, normative, logistical, and industrial validation.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

A Lachemi, K. M. (2004). Residual strength and durability of volcanic ash concrete exposed to high temperature.

Ababneh, A. N., Matalkah, F., & Al-Akhras, M. (2024). The use of graphene nanoplatelets for enhancement of the compressive strength of mortar containing high-levels of natural Pozzolan. Construction and Building Materials, 449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.138302 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.138302

Ali, M. K., Kareem, Q., Ahmad, S., Shawkat, I. A., & Kassim, M. M. (2023). Compressive and Flexural Strength of High-Volume Fly Ash Mortars Aged with Air-entraining Admixtures. E3S Web of Conferences, 427. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342702017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342702017

Al-jabali, H. M., Edris, W. F., Al-Tamimi, M., Al Sayed, A. A. K. A., & Selouma, T. I. (2025). Evaluation of the degradation of mortar with volcanic tuff replacement via destructive and non-destructive testing. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04308 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04308

Al-Swaidani, A. M. (2017). Production of more durable and sustainable concretes using volcanic scoria as cement replacement. Materiales de Construccion, 67(326). https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2017.00716 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2017.00716

al-Swaidani, A. M., Aliyan, S. D., & Adarnaly, N. (2016). Mechanical strength development of mortars containing volcanic scoria-based binders with different fineness. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 19(2), 970–979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2015.12.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2015.12.006

Altimari, F., Barbieri, L., Saccani, A., & Lancellotti, I. (2025). Recycling Volcanic Lapillus as a Supplementary Cementitious Material in Sustainable Mortars. Recycling, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling10040153 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling10040153

Amine, Y., Leklou, N., & Amiri, O. (2017). Effect of supplementary cementitious materials (scm) on delayed ettringite formation in heat-cured concretes. Energy Procedia, 139, 565–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.11.254 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.11.254

Anwar Hossain, K. M. (n.d.). Performance of Volcanic Ash Based Precast and In Situ Blended. Cement Concretes in Marine Environment. https://doi.org/10.1061/ASCE0899-1561200517:6694

Anwar Hossain, K. M. (2006). High strength blended cement concrete incorporating volcanic ash: Performance at high temperatures. Cement and Concrete Composites, 28(6), 535–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.01.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.01.013

Bashir, M. I., & Elahi, A. (2023). Micro Structural Study of Concrete with Indigenous Volcanic Ash †. Engineering Proceedings, 44(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023044019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023044019

Bawab, J., El-Hassan, H., El-Dieb, A., & Khatib, J. (2024). Synergetic impact of volcanic ash and calcium carbide residue on the properties and microstructure of cementitious composites. Construction and Building Materials, 439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137390 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137390

Bawab, J., El-Hassan, H., El-Dieb, A., & Khatib, J. (2025a). Recycling of volcanic ash and carbide slag in blended mortars: A multi-criteria performance assessment. Environmental Challenges, 20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2025.101222 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2025.101222

Bawab, J., El-Hassan, H., El-Dieb, A., & Khatib, J. (2025b, August). Optimizing the Mix Design of Cementitious Composites Incorporating Volcanic Ash by Taguchi-TOPSIS Method. Proceedings of the 11th World Congress on New Technologies. https://doi.org/10.11159/icceia25.155 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11159/icceia25.155

Begaye, M. L., Aboubakr, S. H., Kim, J. J., & Reda Taha, M. M. (n.d.). NANO-CREEP OF SYNTHETIC CSH PRODUCED USING 1.5 AND 0.7 CAO/SIO 2 MIXTURE RATIOS.

Canpolat, F., Yurdusev, M. A., Targan, S., & Yilmaz, K. (2007). Sulfate resistance of mortars with and without silica fume and natural pozzolan. Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies - International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies, 325–332.

Cao, M., & Zhang, H. (2023). Fractal characteristics of particle groups and mechanochemical effects of Yellow River sediment after mechanical grinding. Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials, 12(10), 1322 – 1333. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2023.2218841 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2023.2218841

Cao, Y., Chen, L., Xie, G., Zhang, L., & Fan, Z. (2025). Simulation the Hydration Process and Products Evolution of Low-Heat Cement Blended with Fly Ash. In G. Feng, B. Zhang, W. X.-Y., J. Zhao, & A. Almerich-Chulia (Eds.), Sustainable Civil Infrastructures (pp. 393–401). Springer Science and Business Media B.V. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-87959-3_34 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-87959-3_34

Cascone, S., Fazio, M., & Saeli, M. (2025). Building Sustainability with Volcanic Ash: A Green Roof System Innovation. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 611 LNCE, 134–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-71863-2_9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-71863-2_9

Cavalieri, M., Ferrara, P. L., Finocchiaro, C., & Martorana, M. F. (2024). An Economic Analysis of the Use of Local Natural Waste: Volcanic Ash of Mt. Etna Volcano (Italy) for Geopolymer Production. Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020740 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020740

Dahiru, D., Ibrahim, M., & Gado, A. A. (2019). Evaluation of the Effect of Volcanic Ash on the Properties of Concrete 1 2 3. In ATBU Journal of Environmental Technology (Vol. 12).

Darwis, F., Banggu, I., & Sultan, M. A. (2018). The Effects Of Volcanic Ash On The Strength And Permeability Mortar. https://doi.org/10.2991/icst-18.2018.78 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/icst-18.2018.78

Das Gupta, S., Zayed, A., Ferraro, C., & Riding, K. (2025). Sulfate Durability of Type IL-Slag Blended Cement under Different Curing Exposures. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 37(12). https://doi.org/10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-20938 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-20938

de Siqueira, A. A., & Cordeiro, G. C. (2022). Sustainable Cements Containing Sugarcane Bagasse Ash and Limestone: Effects on Compressive Strength and Acid Attack of Mortar. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095683 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095683

Demirel, B., & Keleştemur, O. (2010). Effect of elevated temperature on the mechanical properties of concrete produced with finely ground pumice and silica fume. Fire Safety Journal, 45(6–8), 385–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2010.08.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2010.08.002

Díaz, J. E., Izquierdo, S. R., de Gutiérrez, R. M., & Gordillo S., M. (2013). Ternary mixture of portland cement, blast furnace slag and limestone: Mechanical strength and durability; [Mezcla ternaria de cemento portland, escoria de alto horno y piedra caliza: Resistencia mecánica y durabilidad]. Revista de la Construccion, 12(3), 53 – 60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-915X2013000300006

Djon Li Ndjock, B. I., Elimbi, A., & Cyr, M. (2017). Rational utilization of volcanic ashes based on factors affecting their alkaline activation. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 463, 31–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2017.02.024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2017.02.024

Edris, W. F., Abdelkader, S., Salama, A. H. E., & Al Sayed, A. A. K. A. (2021). Concrete behaviour with volcanic tuff inclusion. Civil Engineering and Architecture, 9(5), 1434–1441. https://doi.org/10.13189/CEA.2021.090516 DOI: https://doi.org/10.13189/cea.2021.090516

Elshinawy, A., Yousry Elshikh, M. M., Kaloop, M. R., El-Demerdash, W. E., & Elemam, W. E. (2025). An experimental investigation on mechanical characteristics of steel-fiber-reinforced volcanic concrete. Next Materials, 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2024.100308 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2024.100308

Fernandes, I. V, Gonçalves da Silva, A. G. A., Santos, M. D., Nascimento, C. F. G., Lima, V. M. E., Holanda, R. M., & Melo Neto, A. A. (2025). Physicochemical and microstructural interactions between cement and textile sludge ash for application in dry concrete. Journal of Building Engineering, 112, 113919. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113919 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113919

Fernández-Jiménez, A., Garcia-Lodeiro, I., Maltseva, O., & Palomo, A. (2023). Sustainable Cements: Hybrid Alkaline Cements Overview. In RILEM Bookseries (Vol. 40, pp. 626–639). Springer Science and Business Media B.V. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21735-7_68 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21735-7_68

Flores Medina, N., Barluenga, G., & Hernández-Olivares, F. (2015). Combined effect of Polypropylene fibers and Silica Fume to improve the durability of concrete with natural Pozzolans blended cement. Construction and Building Materials, 96, 556–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.050 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.050

Gao, R., Zhao, S., Li, Q., & Chen, J. (2010). Experimental study of the deterioration mechanism of concrete under sulfate attack in wet-dry cycles. Tumu Gongcheng Xuebao/China Civil Engineering Journal, 43(2), 48–54.

Garces-Vargas, J. F., Díaz-Cardenas, Y., & Martirena Hernandez, J. F. (2024). Evaluation of the Durability of Concrete with the Use of Calcined Clays and Limestone in Salinas, Ecuador. Minerals, 14(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050460 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050460

Gil-Martín, L. M., Oliveira, M. J., Fernández-Ruiz, M. A., Branco, F. G., & Hernández-Montes, E. (2025). Sustainable Use of Volcanic Ash in Mortars as a Replacement for Cement or Sand: Shrinkage and Physical and Mechanical Properties. Materials, 18(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18153694 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18153694

Hasan, M. S., Karmokar, J., & Mahmood, S. M. F. (2024). Strength and Workability of Concrete Incorporating Volcanic Ash as a Partial Replacement for Cement. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 512 LNCE, 251–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-63280-8_26 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-63280-8_26

Hazarika, A., Huang, L., Erlingsson, S., de Weerdt, K., Löfgren, I., Iftikhar, S., & Babaahmadi, A. (2025). Characterization, activation and reactivity – A case study of Nordic volcanic materials for application as Supplementary Cementitious Materials. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04096 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04096

Ho, L. S., Ngo, H. T. T., Vu, H. T., Nguyen, S. T., Chau, V. N., & Dang, V. Q. (2023). Durability of mortar and concrete containing pozzolans as a partial cement replacement in the marine environment: a review. Journal of Science and Transport Technology, 3(3), 13 – 25. https://doi.org/10.58845/jstt.utt.2023.en.3.3.13-25 DOI: https://doi.org/10.58845/jstt.utt.2023.en.3.3.13-25

Hossain, A. (n.d.). Lightweight structural concrete incorporating volcanic materials for sustainable construction.

Hossain, A., Khandaker, M. A., & Lachemi, M. (2006). Development of volcanic ash concrete: Strength, durability, and microstructural investigations. ACI Materials Journal.

Hossain, K. M. A. (2003). Blended cement using volcanic ash and pumice. Cement and Concrete Research, 33(10), 1601–1605. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00127-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00127-3

Hossain, K. M. A., & Lachemi, M. (2004). Corrosion resistance and chloride diffusivity of volcanic ash blended cement mortar. Cement and Concrete Research, 34(4), 695–702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.10.021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.10.021

Hossain, K. M. A., & Lachemi, M. (2007). Strength, durability and micro-structural aspects of high performance volcanic ash concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 37(5), 759–766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.02.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.02.014

Hossain, M. U., Dong, Y., & Ng, S. T. (2021). Influence of supplementary cementitious materials in sustainability performance of concrete industry: A case study in Hong Kong. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00659 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00659

Hu, Y. J., & Du, Y. L. (2013). Effect of pore structure on the chloride permeability of concrete with mineral admixture. Advanced Materials Research, 690 693, 835–838. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.690-693.835 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.690-693.835

Ibrahim, M., Bahraq, A. A., Salami, B. A., Alhems, L. M., Hussaini, S. R., Nasir, M., & Adewumi, A. A. (2025). Pore Structure Characterization and Environmental Assessment of Ground Volcanic Pumice-Based Alkali-Activated Concrete. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-025-00791-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-025-00791-3

Jackson, M. D., Mulcahy, S. R., Chen, H., Li, Y., Li, Q., Cappelletti, P., & Wenk, H. R. (2017). Phillipsite and Al-tobermorite mineral cements produced through low-temperature water-rock reactions in Roman marine concrete. American Mineralogist, 102(7), 1435–1450. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2017-5993CCBY DOI: https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2017-5993CCBY

Játiva, A., Corominas, A., & Etxeberria, M. (2025). Durable Mortar Mixes Using 50% of Activated Volcanic Ash as A Binder. Materials, 18(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18081777 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18081777

Jaturapitakkul, C., Kiattikomol, K., Tangchirapat, W., & Saeting, T. (2007). Evaluation of the sulfate resistance of concrete containing palm oil fuel ash. Construction and Building Materials, 21(7), 1399–1405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.07.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.07.005

Jubera-Pérez, F. J., Jaizme-Vega, E., Rosa-Orihuela, R., Damas-Montesdeoca, R., Hernández-Díaz, C., Rodríguez-Díaz, J., & González-Díaz, E. (2024). Pozzolanic activity of volcanic ashes produced by the eruption of the Tajogaite Volcano in La Palma, Canary Islands. Construction and Building Materials, 419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135498 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135498

Keshta, M. M., Elshikh, M. M. Y., Abd Elrahman, M., & Youssf, O. (2022). Utilizing of Magnetized Water in Enhancing of Volcanic Concrete Characteristics. Journal of Composites Science, 6(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs6100320 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs6100320

Khan, K., & Amin, M. N. (2017). Influence of fineness of volcanic ash and its blends with quarry dust and slag on compressive strength of mortar under different curing temperatures. Construction and Building Materials, 154, 514–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.214 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.214

Khan, K., Amin, M. N., Saleem, M. U., Qureshi, H. J., Al-Faiad, M. A., & Qadir, M. G. (2019). Effect of fineness of basaltic volcanic ash on pozzolanic reactivity, ASR expansion and drying shrinkage of blended cement mortars. Materials, 12(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12162603 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12162603

Khan, K., Amin, M. N., Usman, M., Imran, M., Al-Faiad, M. A., & Shalabi, F. I. (2022). Effect of Fineness and Heat Treatment on the Pozzolanic Activity of Natural Volcanic Ash for Its Utilization as Supplementary Cementitious Materials. Crystals, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12020302 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12020302

Kiran Kumar, V., Seshadri Sekhar, T., & Srinivasa Rao, P. (2024). EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON QUATERNARY BLENDED CONCRETE UNDER ACID RESISTANCE, SULPHATE RESISTANCE,WATER PERMEABILITY, AND CHLORIDE PERMEABILITY. Indian Concrete Journal, 98(9), 51–58.

Klausen, A. B. E., Menga, A., & Kanstad, T. (2025). Compressive strength development of concretes with volcanic ash exposed to realistic temperature conditions. In M. Briffaut & J. M. Torrenti (Eds.), fib Symposium (pp. 825–833). fib. The International Federation for Structural Concrete.

Kupwade-Patil, K., Al-Aibani, A. F., Abdulsalam, M. F., Mao, C., Bumajdad, A., Palkovic, S. D., & Büyüköztürk, O. (2016). Microstructure of cement paste with natural pozzolanic volcanic ash and Portland cement at different stages of curing. Construction and Building Materials, 113, 423–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.084 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.084

Kupwade-Patil, K., Chin, S., Ilavsky, J., Andrews, R. N., Bumajdad, A., & Büyüköztürk, O. (2018). Hydration kinetics and morphology of cement pastes with pozzolanic volcanic ash studied via synchrotron-based techniques. Journal of Materials Science, 53(3), 1743–1757. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1659-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1659-4

Kupwade-Patil, K., De Wolf, C., Chin, S., Ochsendorf, J., Hajiah, A. E., Al-Mumin, A., & Büyüköztürk, O. (2018). Impact of Embodied Energy on materials/buildings with partial replacement of ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) by natural Pozzolanic Volcanic Ash. Journal of Cleaner Production, 177, 547–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.234 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.234

Kupwade-Patil, K., Palkovic, S. D., Bumajdad, A., Soriano, C., & Büyüköztürk, O. (2018). Use of silica fume and natural volcanic ash as a replacement to Portland cement: Micro and pore structural investigation using NMR, XRD, FTIR and X-ray microtomography. Construction and Building Materials, 158, 574–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.165 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.165

Kupwade-Patil, K., Tyagi, M., Brown, C. M., & Büyüköztürk, O. (2016). Water dynamics in cement paste at early age prepared with pozzolanic volcanic ash and Ordinary Portland Cement using quasielastic neutron scattering. Cement and Concrete Research, 86, 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.04.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.04.011

Lammertijn, S., & De Belie, N. (2008). Porosity, gas permeability, carbonation and their interaction in high-volume fly ash concrete. Magazine of Concrete Research, 60(7), 535–545. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2008.60.7.535 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2008.60.7.535

Letelier, V., Ortega, J. M., Tarela, E., Muñoz, P., Henríquez-Jara, B. I., & Moriconi, G. (2018). Mechanical performance of eco-friendly concretes with volcanic powder and recycled concrete aggregates. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093036 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093036

Liu, J. C., Hossain, M. U., Xuan, D., Ali, H. A., Ng, S. T., & Ye, H. (2023). Mechanical and durability performance of sustainable concretes containing conventional and emerging supplementary cementitious materials. Developments in the Built Environment, 15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dibe.2023.100197 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dibe.2023.100197

Liu, J., Wu, K., Wang, Y., & Yang, Y. (2017). Effects of fly ash/diatomite admixture with variable particle sizes on the mechanical properties and porosity of concrete. Journal Wuhan University of Technology, Materials Science Edition, 32(5), 1072–1079. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-017-1713-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-017-1713-8

Lo, T. Y., Nadeem, A., Tang, W. C. P., & Yu, P. C. (2009). The effect of high temperature curing on the strength and carbonation of pozzolanic structural lightweight concretes. Construction and Building Materials, 23(3), 1306–1310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.07.026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.07.026

Martín-Rodríguez, P., Fernández-Jiménez, A., Alonso, M. del M., Palomo, A., & García-Lodeiro, I. (2024). Valorisation of “La Palma” Volcanic Ash for Making Portland-Blended, Alkaline and Hybrid Portland–Alkaline Cements. Materials, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010242 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010242

Masmoudi, R., Kupwade-Patil, K., Bumajdad, A., & Büyüköztürk, O. (2017). In situ Raman studies on cement paste prepared with natural pozzolanic volcanic ash and Ordinary Portland Cement. Construction and Building Materials, 148, 444–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.016

Mitrović, A. A. (2011). Pozzolan obtained by mechanochemical treatment of kaolinite clay. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1400, 82–86. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3663090 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3663090

Mohamad, S. A., Al-Hamd, R. K. S., & Khaled, T. T. (2020). Investigating the effect of elevated temperatures on the properties of mortar produced with volcanic ash. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-020-0274-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-020-0274-4

Nair, N. A., & Viswanathan, T. S. (2023). β-CaSiO3 and colloidal n-SiO2 based blended cement composites- their properties, regression analysis and micro-characterization studies. Materiales de Construccion, 73(350). https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2023.304722 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2023.304722

Nováková, I., Jhatial, A. A., Kekez, S., Gjerløw, E., Gulik, V., Kannathasan, K. R., Vaišnoras, M., & Krasnikovs, A. (2024). Investigating the Influence of Oil Shale Ash and Basalt Composite Fibres on the Interfacial Transition Zone in Concrete. Buildings, 14(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071952 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071952

Ogunbode, E. B., & Hassan, I. O. (2011). Effect of addition of calcium nitrate on selected properties of concrete containing volcanic ash. Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies, 10(19), 29–38.

Omikrine Metalssi, O., Quiertant, M., Jabbour, M., & Baroghel-Bouny, V. (2024). Effect of Exposure Conditions on Mortar Subjected to an External Sulfate Attack. Materials, 17(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17133198 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17133198

Özen, S., & Uzal, B. (2021). Effect of mineralogical composition of clinoptilolite-bearing tuffs on their performance as a natural pozzolan in cementitious systems. Advances in Concrete Construction, 12(1), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2021.12.1.025

Peng, G., Zhang, G., Zuo, X., Ding, H., Chen, X., Wang, H., & Liu, X. (2024). Mechanism for the Influence of Added Hydrated Lime on Mechanical Properties of Ultra-high Strength Concrete. Cailiao Daobao/Materials Reports, 38(3). https://doi.org/10.11896/cldb.22060068

Petroche, D. M., & Ramirez, A. D. (2022). The Environmental Profile of Clinker, Cement, and Concrete: A Life Cycle Perspective Study Based on Ecuadorian Data. Buildings, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12030311 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12030311

Pinos-Velez, V. P., Araujo, G. S., Echeverria-Paredes, P., Abril, M., Acosta, S., Cipriani-Ávila, I., Moulatlet, G. M., & Capparelli, M. V. (2024). Acute and Chronic Ecotoxicity of Daphnia magna Exposed to Ash Leachate from the Cotopaxi Volcano, Ecuador. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 113(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-024-03946-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-024-03946-2

Pinto-Almeida, C., Abril-Camino, A., & Abril-Camino, D. (2025). Mechanical Performance of Volcanic Ash Concrete Showing Modulus Reduction with Strength Retention. Civil Engineering Journal, 11(10), 4422–4435. https://doi.org/10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-10-024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-10-024

Rajesh, A., Gowdhaman, D., & Sumathi, A. (2023). Utilization of industrial and agricultural waste as supplementary cementitious addition in bacteria concrete—a review. In Valorization of Wastes for Sustainable Development: Waste to Wealth. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95417-4.00016-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95417-4.00016-0

Rajesh, J., & Kandasamy, S. (2025). Particle size reduction effects on fly ash pozzolanic performance in cement. Construction and Building Materials, 494, 143458. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.143458 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.143458

Rodrigues, A. L. M. V., Mendes, Á. Á. F., Gomes, V., Battagin, A. F., Saade, M. R. M., & Da Silva, M. G. (2022). Environmental and Mechanical Evaluation of Blended Cements With High Mineral Admixture Content. Frontiers in Materials, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2022.880986 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2022.880986

Rols, S., Ambroise, J., Péra, J., & Chabannet, M. (2000). Calcined paper sludge-pozzolanic admixture to improve sulfate resistance of concrete. In V. M. Malhotra (Ed.), American Concrete Institute, ACI Special Publication: SP-192 (pp. 353–367). American Concrete Institute.

Rovnaník, P., Teplý, B., & Rovnaníková, P. (2007). Concrete mix and environmental load in the context of durability and reliability. CESB 2007 PRAGUE International Conference - Central Europe Towards Sustainable Building, 2.

Shahjalal, M., Sabrin, R., Bachu, H. A. E., Habib, M. M. L., Mobasharah, N., & Billah, A. H. M. M. (2025). Repurposing waste pozzolans for cleaner mortar production: mechanical and durability properties with microstructural behavior. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 52(9), 1698–1717. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2025-0014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2025-0014

Sharfuddin Ahmed, M., Kayali, O., & Anderson, W. (n.d.). Evaluation of Binary and Ternary Blends of Pozzolanic Materials Using the Rapid Chloride Permeability Test. https://doi.org/10.1061/ASCE0899-1561200921:9446

Sharma, M., Bishnoi, S., Martirena, F., & Scrivener, K. (2021). Limestone calcined clay cement and concrete: A state-of-the-art review. Cement and Concrete Research, 149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106564 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106564

Siddique, R. (2012). Properties of concrete made with volcanic ash. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.06.010

Sideris, K. K., & Savva, A. E. (2001). Resistance of Fly Ash and Natural Pozzolans Blended Cement Mortars and concrete to carbonation, sulfate attack and chloride lon penetration. American Concrete Institute, ACI Special Publication, SP-199, 275–293. https://doi.org/10.14359/10499 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14359/10499

Singh, L. P., Zhu, W., Howind, T., & Sharma, U. (2017). Quantification and characterization of C-S-H in silica nanoparticles incorporated cementitious system. Cement and Concrete Composites, 79, 106–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.02.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.02.004

Singh, N., Sharma, R. L., & Yadav, K. (2023). Sustainable development by carbon emission reduction and its quantification: an overview of current methods and best practices. In Asian Journal of Civil Engineering (Vol. 24, Number 8, pp. 3797–3822). Institute for Ionics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-023-00732-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-023-00732-z

Singh, S., Sahu, I., Majmundar, B. P., David, R., Singh, J., Vanitha, S., & Thakur, G. (2026). Multi-Scale evaluation and predictive modeling of volcanic Ash–Silica fume aggregate concrete for sustainable construction. Architecture, Structures and Construction, 6(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44150-026-00187-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44150-026-00187-1

Sokołowska, J. J. (2025). Utilizing Sakurajima Volcanic Ash as a Sustainable Partial Replacement for Portland Cement in Cementitious Mortars. Sustainability (Switzerland), 17(17). https://doi.org/10.3390/su17177576 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su17177576

Souza, M. T., Onghero, L., Sakata, R. D., Neto, F. C., de Campos, C. E. M., de Castro Pessôa, J. R., Repette, W. L., & de Oliveira, A. P. N. (2023). Insights into the acting mechanism of ettringite in expansive Portland cement. Materials Letters, 345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2023.134496 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2023.134496

Suraneni, P., Hajibabaee, A., Ramanathan, S., Wang, Y., & Weiss, J. (2019). New insights from reactivity testing of supplementary cementitious materials. Cement and Concrete Composites, 103, 331–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.05.017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.05.017

Tomoyose, A., Noguchi, T., Sodeyama, K., & Higashi, K. (2020). Concrete with high-purity volcanic glass fine powder manufactured from pyroclastic deposit. SN Applied Sciences, 2(5). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2614-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2614-6

Toulkeridis, T., & Zach, I. (2017). Wind directions of volcanic ash-charged clouds in Ecuador–implications for the public and flight safety. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 8(2), 242–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2016.1199445 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2016.1199445

Uzbaş, B., & Aydın, A. C. (2019). Analysis of Fly Ash Concrete With Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Diffraction. Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal, 13(4), 100–110. https://doi.org/10.12913/22998624/114178 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12913/22998624/114178

Vedalakshmi, R., Raj, A. S., Srinivasan, S., & Babu, K. G. (2003). Quantification of hydrated cement products of blended cements in low and medium strength concrete using TG and DTA technique. Thermochimica Acta, 407(1–2), 49–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031(03)00286-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031(03)00286-7

Wahyuni, Abdullah, Mulyati, S., & Hayati, Y. (2025). Performance analysis of ordinary portland cement and portland pozzolan cement cement in improving sea sand and sea water concrete with zeolite powder. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 26(4), 264–274. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/200278 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/200278

Wang, Y., Hu, Y., He, X., Su, Y., Strnadel, B., & Miao, W. (2023). Hydration and compressive strength of supersulfated cement with low-activity high alumina ferronickel slag. Cement and Concrete Composites, 136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2022.104892 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2022.104892

Wang, Y., Liu, H., Nie, Z., Xue, R., Zhu, W., & Sun, X. (2025). Experimental investigation into the influence of calcium aluminate cement on the micro- and macro-mechanical properties of the interfacial transition zone in geopolymer concrete. Developments in the Built Environment, 21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100618 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100618

Wei, F., Lu, Y., Lan, X., & Xu, Z. (2005). Hydration products of fly ash cement-based material. Kuei Suan Jen Hsueh Pao/ Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 33(1), 52-56+62.

Xiong, C., Zhou, Y., Jin, Y., Liu, C., & Feng, P. (2022). Fabrication, structure, and mechanical properties of a high-order calcium silicate hydrate based on polymer and pH tuning. Materials Today Communications, 33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.105020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.105020

Yu, L., Zhou, S., & Deng, W. (2015). Pozzolanic activity of volcanic rocks from Southern Jiangxi Province, China. Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials, 5(3), 176–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2015.1010660 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2015.1010660

Zeyad, A. M., Shubaili, M., & Abutaleb, A. (2023). Using volcanic pumice dust to produce high-strength self-curing concrete in hot weather regions. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e01927 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e01927

Zhang, J., Yang, Y., Li, X., & Chi, C. (2025). Alkali activation of industrial waste fly ash to produce high-value-added C-S-H seeds. Advances in Cement Research. https://doi.org/10.1680/jadcr.24.00141 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1680/jadcr.24.00141

Zhao, J., Li, D., Liao, S., Wang, D., Wang, H., & Yan, P. (2018). Influence of mechanical grinding on pozzolanic characteristics of circulating fluidized bed fly ash (CFA) and resulting consequences on hydration and hardening properties of blended cement. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 132(3), 1459–1470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7103-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7103-4

Zhou, Z., Sofi, M., Sabri, Y., Liu, J., Kang, S., & Mendis, P. (2021). Microstructural Investigation of High-Volume Fly Ash Composites Containing Nano-Calcium Silicate Hydrate Crystals. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 33(12). https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0003974 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003974

Zhuginissov, M. T., Kuldeyev, E. I., Nurlybayev, R. E., Khamza, Y. Y., Orynbekov, Y. S., & Iskakov, A. (2026). Use of fly ash and ground tuff as pozzolanic additives in lightweight structural. Kompleksnoe Ispolzovanie Mineralnogo Syra, 339(4), 38–51. https://doi.org/10.31643/2026/6445.39 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31643/2026/6445.39

Zunino, F., & Scrivener, K. (2025). Hydration and strength development of low-clinker (<50 %) factor limestone calcined clay cements (LC3): A comparative study with natural pozzolans. Construction and Building Materials, 499, 144075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.144075 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.144075

Zunino, F., & Scrivener, K. L. (2024). The Key Role of Limestone Calcined Clay Cements on the Roadmap towards Eco-Efficient Cement and Concrete.