Revisión

A systematic review of Building Performance Evaluation criterias (BPE)

Uma revisão sistemática dos critérios do Building Performance Evaluation (BPE)

Una revisión sistemática de los criterios del Builiding Performance Evaluation (BPE)

N. Christine Sotsek
Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brasil
D. Sanchez Leitner
Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brasil
A. P. Lacerda Santos
Universidade Federal do Paran, Brasil

A systematic review of Building Performance Evaluation criterias (BPE)

Revista de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Control de Calidad, Patología y Recuperación de la Construcción, vol. 9, no. 1, 2019

Asociación Latinoamericana de Control de Calidad, Patología y Recuperación de la Construcción, A. C.

Received: 25 September 2017

Accepted: 01 August 2018

Published: 30 December 2018

Abstract: The objective of this article is to provide, through a systematic review of the literature, focused on the quality control of buildings, a database to present the Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) most used criteria. Through this review, 782 articles were identified, of which 15 were selected considering the subject's adherence to the research and publication period. It was discussed the main information about the articles, their authors and journals. The performance criteria compiled by the analyzed articles used as basis: literature, questionnaires and interviews with users and professionals of the area, consultation with specialists in the segment and technical visits to buildings. With these identified criteria, it was possible to define 9 dimensions of analysis that are presented and discussed in this document.

Keywords: performance, evaluation, criteria, construction, systematic review.

Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo é fornecer, por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura focada no controle de qualidade das edificações, um banco de dados para apresentar os critérios mais utilizados pelo Building Performance Evaluation (BPE). Mediante a esta revisão, 782 artigos foram identificados, dos quais 15 foram selecionados considerando aderência do tema a pesquisa e período de publicação. As principais informações sobre os artigos, seus autores e revistas foram debatidas. Os critérios de desempenho compilados pelos artigos analisados utilizaram como base: a literatura, questionários e entrevistas com usuários e profissionais da área, consulta a especialistas do segmento e visitas técnicas as edificações. Com tais critérios identificados foi possível definir 9 dimensões de análise que são apresentadas e discutidas neste documento.

Palavras-chave: desempenho, avaliação, critérios, construção, revisão sistemática.

Resumen: El objetivo de este artículo es proporcionar, a través de una revisión sistemática de la literatura enfocada en el control de calidad de las edificaciones, una base de datos consistente para presentar los criterios más utilizados por el Building Performance Evaluation (BPE). Mediante esta revisión, 782 artículos fueron identificados, de los cuales 15 fueron seleccionados considerando adherencia del tema a la investigación y período de publicación. Las principales informaciones sobre los artículos, sus autores y revistas fueron debatidas. Los criterios de desempeño compilados por los artículos analizados utilizaron como base: la literatura, cuestionarios y entrevistas con usuarios y profesionales del área, consulta a especialistas del segmento y visitas técnicas a las edificaciones. Con estos criterios identificados fue posible definir 9 dimensiones de análisis que son presentadas y discutidas en este documento.

Palabras clave: desempeño, evaluación, criterios, construcción, revisión sistemática.

INTRODUCTION

A building is built with the aim of providing the human being with a pleasant and comfortable working environment, and protected against climatic inclement weather (Khalil et al., 2008). However, a building is the result of a project and planning built and managed based on specific standards established by governments, professionals and specialists who must meet not only the current technical requirements of each country, but also the expectations and aspirations established by the users (Ibem et al., 2013).

Based on this discussion, it is important to realize the importance of this research by considering that high population indexes is essential for more buildings to be built, but at the same time continue to meet the requirements established by the standards and by the final owners.

The performance of a building can be defined as its capacity to operate at maximum efficiency, fulfilling its function throughout its life cycle (Khalil et al 2016). To provide this maximum operation and to improve its efficiency, regular and continuous evaluation of building performance, called building performance evaluation (BPE), is essential. The BPE is a process of systematic comparison of the real performance of a building, that is, it relates the objectives of the client with the criteria of performance established by the specialists in order to measure the degree of satisfaction and performance of a building for those users (Preiser, 1994). This process aims to improve the quality of management, design and construction by providing a more sustainable construction (Ibem et al., 2013); provide basic information on users' needs, preferences and satisfaction (Vischer, 2008) and provide feedback on the causes and effects of environmental issues related to buildings, thus informing the long-term planning and management of the life cycle of buildings (Meir et al., 2009). To do so, the BPE serves as a tool that adds value, assisting managers in decision making at strategic and operational levels during construction of a building (Khalil et al., 2008). However, for the application of the BPE it is necessary to define the evaluation criteria that can help in the process of measuring the performance of a building. According to Teicholz (2003), one can not improve what can not be measured. Measuring the performance of a building, according to Koleoso et al. (2013), is the safest way to improve the economic, physical and functional development of a building, ensuring that its objectives are met. Based on this assumption, this article aims to present a brief overview, through a systematic review of the literature, of the main academic studies that have studied and established performance criteria for the evaluation of buildings in order to assist in the expansion of this area of research focused on the control of quality of buildings.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This research adopted a systematic review approach proposed by Kitchenhamet et al. (2009) and followed three main steps (Figure 1): (1) Review planning; (2) Conduct of review; (3) Dissemination and reporting.

Process of applying the systematic review.
Figure 1
Process of applying the systematic review.
Adapted from Kitchenhamet et al., (2009)

The first phase of the research proposes to align the research theme and elaborate the collection protocol. The central theme established for research was to identify the criteria established in the literature for evaluating the performance of buildings. Based in this thematic, the collection protocol was elaborated, selecting 3 international databases: Web of Science, Scopus and Science Direct, and a Brazilian database, the CAPES. In each database, terms related with performance evaluation in construction had been tested. In the search string it had used the logical boolean operators AND, OR and the quotations marks for bigger precision of the research, until two terms were defined: “building performance evaluation” and “building performance criteria”.

In the second phase of the research, the articles were selected based on the scope of the theme, that is, if the article had as its essence the definition of criteria for performance evaluation of buildings; the period of publication (2010-2017) and the search for articles of Journals, discarding articles of congresses. After this selection, a dynamic reading of the articles was performed and in this step, it was possible to obtain more articles by referential means cited by the authors. This process created a looping and stopped only when no articles were applied to the topic. The identified articles were organized in an Excel spreadsheet.

This technique of searching for new articles from those already selected is known as Snowball Sampling (ABN) and was reported by (Biernacki and Waldorf, 1981). Finally, in the third phase of the research it was possible to elaborate the articles bibliometry and content revision. In the first one, we tried to measure the main aspects related to the articles, the authors and the magazines. The mechanism used to identify the citations of articles and the scores of journals was the platforms “Scopus- Search for an author profile”, “Scopus- Journal Metrics” and “Scimago Journal & Country Rank”. Based on all the keywords identified in the articles, the word cloud was created using the online software "Word it out". The objective of this stage was to understand the panorama of research in the world, identifying the main authors and journals. In the second stage, the proposal was to compile the information present in the articles, organizing them into four groups: (1) methods used to elaborate the performance criteria; (2) conducting the questionnaires used; (3) organization of the criteria identified in 9 dimensions and (4) preparation of a table compiling all the criteria identified in the established dimensions.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Through the systematic review of the literature, the two selected keywords «building performance evaluation» and «building performance criteria» were inserted into the four selected databases: Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct and CAPES. In the first round, 782 articles were identified. With this sample we selected articles from 2010-2017, peer-reviewed Journal and Journal articles, reducing the sample to 424. With these, a dynamic reading was performed, which is a reading of the main topics such as abstract, method and result, and it were chosen the articles that presented in their conception the elaboration of a BPE method and selection of criteria. Then, the technique of Snowball Sampling was applied until the end of the identification of articles adhering to the theme. Table 1 presents in detail the procedure performed up to the selected number of 15 articles.

Table 1
Conduct of research: selection of articles.
Key Words Data base Web of science Science direct Scopus Capes Total
building performance evaluation 67 195 4 370 636
building performance criteria 27 19 2 98 146
Total search without filter and with duplicity 782
Filters 1° Selection of the year (2010-2017) 2º Journal and Journal 47 134 0 243 424
3° Dynamic reading: article has elaboration of the BPE method and selection of evaluation criteria 0 4* 0 9* 9
4° Snowball (2010-2017) 19
5º Dynamic reading 4 3
6º Snowball (2010-2017) 4
7º Dynamic reading 4 2
8º Snowball (2010-2017) 1
9º Dynamic reading 1 1
Total adherent research 15
* With the 15 articles selected, it was possible to perform bibliometric and content revision

Bibliometric

In Table 2 it is possible to identify the authors name, the database where the article was identified, the name of the journals, their "DOI" registry and the country of origin. The journals that published the most works (from 2010 to July 2017) identifying criteria for performance evaluation in buildings were: United Kingdom (60%), followed by the Netherlands (13.33%), China, USA, Egypt and Lithuania (6.66%). It is noticed that more than 85% of the publishing magazines are from Nordic countries.

Table 2
Summary of onformation related to the 15 reviewed sources.
Authors Data Base Journal DOI Journal origin (country)
Science direct Scopus Web of Science Capes Snow ball
1 Gopikrishnan e Topkar (2017) x x Housing and Building National Research Center dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. hbrcj.2015.08.004 Egypt
2 Ibem et al (2013) x x Frontiers of architectural research dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. foar.2013.02.001 China
3 Khalil et al (2016) x Ecological Indicators doi.org/10.1016/j. ecolind.2016.07.032 Netherlands
4 Khan e Kotharkar (2012) x Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro. 2012.08.052 England
5 Steinke et al (2010) x Health environments research & design journal EUA
6 Nazeer e Silva 2016 x Built Environment Project and Asset Management doi 10.1108/BEPAM- 09-2014-0049 England
7 Talib et al 2013 x Facilities doi.org/10.1108/f-06- 2012-0042 England
8 Støre-Valen e Lohne 2016 x Facilities doi 10.1108/F-12-2014-0103 England
9 Mohit e Azim (2012) x Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro. 2012.08.078 England
10 Nik-Mat et al (2011) x Procedia Engineering doi:10.1016/j.proeng. 2011.11.174 England
11 Hashim et al (2012) x Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro. 2012.12.231 England
12 Lavy et al (2010) x Facilities doi.org/10.1108/0263 2771011057189 England
13 Mohit e Nazyddah (2011) x Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, doi 10.1007/s10901- 011-9216-y Netherlands
14 Lai e Man (2017) x International Journal of Strategic Property Manag. doi:10.3846/164871 5X.2016.1247304 Lithuania
15 Elyna Myeda et al (2011) x Journal of Facilities Management doi.org/10.1108/147 25961111148090 England

However, it can be seen from Figure 2 that most research and research authors are concentrated in Western countries. Malaysia is the country with the largest number of researchers

Information about the country of origin of the research and the authors.
Figure 2
Information about the country of origin of the research and the authors.

Through the "Scopus- Search for an author profile" platform, it was possible to verify the most cited articles and the co-quotations made between them (Table 3). The article by (Steinke et al., 2016) was the most cited in the literature, followed by the article by (Mohit and Naydaah, 2011). Table 3 shows how many times the articles were cited in the literature in general, and where there were cases of citations between them.

Table 3
Citations and co-citations identified in the 15 revised articles.
Articles that have been cited Gopikrishnan e Topkar (2017) Ibem et al (2013) Khalil et al (2016) Khan e Kotharkar (2012) Steinke et al (2010) Nazeer e Silva (2016) Talib et al (2013) Støre-Valen e Lohne (2016) Mohit e Azim (2012) Nik-Mat et al (2011) Hashim et al (2012) Mohit e Nazyddah (2011) Lavy et al 2010 Lai e Man (2017) Elyna Myeda et al (2011)
Number of citations in the literature 0 6 2 0 15 0 0 1 1 1 0 8 0 1 0
Steinke et al (2010) 1 1
Lavy et al (2010) 1 1 1 1 1
Myeda et al (2011) 1 1 1
Nik-Mat et al (2011) 1
Mohit e Azim (2012) 1
Ibem et al (2013) 1

The “Scopus- Journal Metrics” and “Scimago Journal & Country Rank” platforms made possible to know more about the magazines identified. The information presented in Table 4 refers to the number of publications for the years 2015-2016, the score of each journal according to its area of ​​registration, its rank and its impact on the platform Scopus and Scimago

Table 4
Journals Metrics
Journals JCR (2017) SJR (2015) SJR (2016) Cite Score SRJ H index Total cites (2015) Total cites (2016) Documents (2013/2015) Cite Score Rank Nº articles
Frontiers of architectural research - 0,432 0,392 0,88 0,392 10 151 112 128 37/223 1
Ecological Indicators 3,983 1,481 1,308 4,07 1308 78 5039 5218 1286 20/291 1
Built Environment Project and Asset Management - 0,243 0,317 1,07 0,317 8 53 75 71 93/245 1
Facilities - 0,369 0,421 1,06 0,421 25 118 148 141 14/87 3
Procedia Engineering - 0,238 0,282 0,74 0,282 31 6130 6732 9257 108/265 1
Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 1,329 0,649 0,866 1,16 0,866 31 132 142 120 30/134 1
International Journal of Strategic Property Management - 0,561 0,293 0,92 0,293 19 117 82 90 161/347 1
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences - 0,159 - - 0,159 29 185 - - - 3
Journal of Facilities Management - - - - - - - - - 1
Housing and Building National Research Center - - - - - - - - - 1
Health environments research & design journal* 1,387 - - - - - - - - 1

With the keywords identified in the 15 articles selected, it was possible to use the "Word it out" software to create the word cloud. The three words most highlighted by the articles were as follows: Performance, Building and Evaluation (Figure 3). This cloud of words gives an overview of what has been studied within these articles in relation to the evaluation of buildings, subjects such as: aid in the decision making of enterprises; improvement of the processes and physical conditions of buildings. The researched places: corporate sector (offices); education (schools and universities). What is being used as an instrument, such as questionnaires; post-occupation analysis, among others.

Keyword cloud
Figure 3
Keyword cloud

Content Review

The 15 works identified in the literature used several methods to elaborate the criteria for evaluating the performance of buildings. By consulting these articles, it was noticed that the review of the literature was the method used in all articles, that is, the authors sought to first explore the criteria already listed and identified in the literature and then spent, for the most part, exploring the criteria in practice. The criteria were tested, evaluated and validated through questionnaires (67%) made with users and / or construction professionals, such as engineers and architects. In 30% of the questionnaires applied, specialists of the area were consulted firstly, and then the users. In 20% of the used questionnaires only the specialists were consulted. In the questionnaires applied, the Likert scale was the instrument used in 50% of these.

The technical visit consisting of a visual analysis of the buildings and consultation of documents, such as design and technical data sheets, was the method used in 33% of the articles. It was not used in isolation, but always in conjunction with other methods. The interview was used in 27% of the articles, being carried out with users and / or professionals of the area. The AHP method (7%) was explored on a smaller scale, applied in the link with expert consultation. The full picture of the methods employed can be seen in Table 5.

Table 5
Methods used to identify the performance criteria.
Methods
Literature Expert Consultation Questionnaire Likert Scale Technical visit / observation Interview Method AHP
1 x x x x
2 x x x x
3 x x x
4 x x x x
5 x x
6 x x x x
7 x x
8 x
9 x x x
10 x x x x
11 x x x x
12 x x x
13 x x x
14 x
15 x x x

The questionnaire was the second method most used by the authors to identify the criteria needed to evaluate a construction. Of these, 80% were applied, and 20% were not applied, that is, in the case of the 20%, the authors present the questionnaire as a reference and as an instrument to test the criteria but did not actually use it. In the questionnaires applied, in short, about 3,196 questionnaires were sent. Only the work of (Nik-Mat et al., 2011) sent 1,230 questionnaires. The response rate varied from 20.4% to 100% in the applied works. To select the respondents to the questionnaires, the most used criteria was the working time in the area, in the case of the specialists, and for the users, the dwelling time of the dwellings. The works organized the criteria into dimensions that were validated. In some cases, the criteria were reorganized and then validated by the authors (Table 6).

Table 6
Summary of applied questionnaires.
Dimensions and Performance Criteria Sample size Replies per article Response rate (%) Result Applicability
1 13 dimensions with n criteria (not detailed) 13 dimensions No applied
2 5 dimensions with 27 criteria 670 452 67,5% 5 dimensions Applied
4 5 dimensions with 22 criteria 5 dimensions No applied
6 7 dimensions with 57 criteria 37 specialists 31 specialists 83,80% 7 dimensions Applied
7 3 dimensions with 58 criteria 225 166 e 192 74%/85% 3 dimensions with 11 criteria validated Applied
9 4 dimensions with 46 criteria 100 100 100% 4 dimensions Applied
10 3 dimensions with 17 criteria 2 categories: users and construction team: 1230 252 20,40% 3 dimensions Applied / Not detailed
11 7 dimensions with 34 criteria 3 categories: users; external public and construction team 7 dimensions Applied / Not detailed
12 4 dimensions with 35 criteria 11 industry representatives 7 63,60% 4 dimensions Applied
13 5 dimensions with 45 criteria 3 categories: residents groups; individuals and residents in transit: 960 250 27,60% 5 dimensions Applied

In full, each article provides a range of criteria that should be analyzed to evaluate the performance of a building. In some cases, the articles created dimensions to organize their criteria, in others, the articles presented the criteria without presenting a specific group. In this way, the authors of this paper organized the criteria identified in the articles in 9 dimensions established from the reading of the works (Table 7).

Table 7
Dimensions established to organize the performance evaluation criteria of a construction.
Authors Dimensions to measure performance
Functional Technical / Maintenance Environment (spaces / location) Financial / Economic Environmental Image / Appearance Neighborhood relation Process Leadership Types of construction
Gopikrishnan e Topkar (2017) x x x n/s
Ibem et al (2013) x x x x x habitation
Khalil et al (2016) x x x Education
Khan e Kotharkar (2012) x x x x Education
Steinke et al (2010) x x x x health
Nazeer e Silva 2016 x x x x x x x Education
Talib et al (2013) x x x health
Støre-Valen e Lohne (2016) x x x x n/s
Mohit e Azim (2012) x x x x Habitation
Nik-Mat et al (2011) x x x Habitation
Hashim et al (2012) x x x x x habitation
Lavy et al (2010) x x x x n/s
Mohit e Nazyddah (2011) x x x x habitation
Lai e Man (2017) x x x x commercial
Elyna Myeda et al (2011) x x x x commercial

It can be seen from Table 7 that 20% of the articles are concerned with creating criteria that evaluate constructions in general. However, the other 80% show that it is important to establish specific criteria for each type of construction, in the case of housing, education, health and commerce.

The nine dimensions elaborated involve the analysis of aspects related to the functional condition of a building, such as: air condition, ambient (acoustic and thermal comfort), noise, fire protection, lighting, among others; the technical condition involves the structure of the building, plumbing and electrical services, for example. The environment dimension refers to the spaces (of the rooms) and location of the enterprise; the financial dimension involves expenses related to building (maintenance, light, water). The environmental dimension refers to the spending index on light, water and garbage collection; the image dimension involves the aesthetics and appearance of the buildings.

The dimension "relationship between neighborhood" presents the contact of the residents with the surroundings. The "processes" dimension involves the control and management of the services provided within an enterprise and finally the leadership dimension refers to the instructions established to the owners and employees in the construction occupation. The most used dimensions during the constructive evaluation refer to Functional (93%) and Technical (93%), followed by Environment (88%).

The evaluation criteria identified in the 15 articles studied and organized in 9 dimensions are presented below:

CONCLUSIONS

In this paper, a set of criteria established by authors for building performance evaluation (BPE) is presented in detail. The systematic review approach, together with the Snowball Sampling technique resulted in the identification of 15 articles. Both bibliometric and the content of these articles were investigated. The United Kingdom is the country responsible for publishing the largest number of papers in this area, although most of the research conducted and the authors are from the eastern countries like Malaysia and India. The citations of the articles and the punctuation of the respective journals were also verified, realizing that there is a reasonable number of co-citations among the studied subjects.

In addition to the literature search by the BPE criteria, the articles also used practical methods, such as questionnaires, expert consultation, interviews and technical visits to buildings. The articles show a concern in the elaboration of specific criteria for each type of construction instead of establishing criteria for buildings in general. The criteria identified were grouped into 9 dimensions: functional, technical, environment, financial, environmental, physical image / appearance, neighborhood relation, process and leadership. The criteria most used to evaluate a building were the criteria listed in the functional and technical dimensions, such as: thermal comfort, visual (lighting), acoustic, fire safety, air quality, maintenance and cleaning of facilities (sanitary and electrical) of the building.

The authors hope that this research will help those who study the performance evaluation of constructions in order to facilitate the identification and more adequate selection of the studied criteria.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the Post-Graduate Program in Engineering and Civil Construction (PPGECC) at the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR).

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Author notes

nicollesotsek@yahoo.com.br

Additional information

Cite as: N. Christine Sotsek, D. Sanchez Leitner, A. P. Lacerda Santos (2019), " A systematic review of Building Performance Evaluation criterias (BPE)", Revista ALCONPAT, 9 (1), pp. 1 – 14, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21041/ra.v9i1.260

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