Sustainability evaluation of two iconic bridge corridors under construction using Fuzzy Vikor technique : A case study

Two iconic bridge projects over river Yamuna in Delhi under construction have been evaluated from sustainability criteria using Fuzzy-Vikor technique. The Barapulla elevated road project was more found to be more sustainable in comparison to the Signature bridge project in terms of various indicators identified during the study. In general, the goals of providing sustainable features are finding a balance between what is important to the community, to the natural environment and is economically sound. During the study, it was verified that social, economic and environmental are the established parameters of sustainability for developed countries only whereas other issues like governance, technical parameters and inner engineering also play a key role for developing economies like India.


INTRODUCTION
The idea of sustainability has been distinguished as a worldwide need and is most ordinarily characterized as "Improvement that addresses the issues of the present without trading off the capacity of future eras to address their own particular issues.This idea has infested whole ranges of Engineering, involving transportation frameworks building.This Research task begins with depicting the eminent thinking on what constitutes sustainability of the transportation framework amid development and how to perform it.Further the study identifies some of the key transportation system sustainability issues through construction in the Metropolitan cities like Delhi.In this research, Sustainability indicators of the transportation corridor through development in an urban domain have been perceived and itemized out.The research has been made on Signature Bridge being constructed on river Yamuna by DTTDC (Delhi Tourism and Transportation Development Corporation Ltd.) and Barapulla Elevated Revista ALCONPAT, 7 (1), 2017: 1 -14 Sustainability evaluation of two iconic bridge corridors under construction using Fuzzy Vikor technique: A case study S. Bansal, A. Singh, S. K. Singh 3 Corridor project being constructed by the PWD (Public Works Department).Amid the research study was made at both the sites in their construction period, and it was found that Sustainability of these transportation corridors while the development stage is just not restricted to just three Pillars, but rather in actuality much past that.Finally, the real center of study lies on showing a correlation between the afore mentioned two construction sites by two government organizations, that is PWD and DTTDC, under the identical urban environment, by utilizing the Fuzzy rationale strategy to assess sustainability taking into account the perceived sustainability pointers utilizing information collected by directing different reviews (survey proforma) from the field specialists and the general population (occupants/suburbanites).This research work obtains its motivation and guidance from similar project undertaken by Shishir Bansal et al. "Sustainability Indicators of a Transportation Corridor during Construction in an Urban Environment".This study is based on application of fuzzy technique.Fuzzy logic is referred to as a way of "reasoning with uncertainty."It gives an all-around characterized system to manage dubious and not completely characterized information, so one can make exact findings from uncertain information the fuzzy theory provides a mechanism for representing linguistic constructs such as "many," "low," "medium," "often," "few."Notions like rather tall or quick can be figured numerically and prepared with a specific end goal to apply a more human-like mindset in the programming.As a rule, the fuzzy rationale gives a surmising structure that empowers suitable human thinking capacities.i.

SELECTION OF SITE
Both projects are iconic bridges: Signature Bridge is an asymmetric cable stayed bridge with main span of 251 m, while the Bridge over River Yamuna in Barapulla Phase III is Extra Dose bridge with multi spans of 120 m.In both the cases the deck is supported on Cables. ii.
Both projects are conceived on new alignments iii.
Both projects are carried out in phases where partially completed sites have been opened for public use iv.
Both projects were constructed in same period i.e. their construction works begin prior to commonwealth games of 2010 v.
Both projects boast about usage of new and highly improvised technologies.Segmental constructions have been adopted in both projects. vi.
Both projects have their major portions constructed away from the urban parts of city and there has been least disturbance to the public.The normal life has not been hindered in any manner.

METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR THE RESEARCH
Following procedure has been followed in this research to identify the sustainability indicators.i. Selection of a corridor under construction and defining the infrastructure criteria for the corridor.ii.Developing sustainability indicator categories iii.Identifying sustainability indicators iv.Compiling a proforma that includes sustainability indicators and columns for rating v. Assigning quantitative as well as qualitative ratings to the recognized indicators by furnishing ratings from the expert's opinions.
First, preliminary survey of the selected sites was carried out at different times during both day and night.Its main purpose was to identify certain issues which hinder the smooth movement of traffic and also those which are problematic in execution and protection of ongoing project.The list of 43 such issues was developed and then they were classified into six categories and each category is defined as Sustainability Indicators.For an Urban Environment and developing city like New Delhi, the triple bottom line concept of sustainability does not get fit.It requires extension to accommodate the local conditions.Accordingly, the triple bottom line concept is extended to six broad sustainability indicators.Based on the classification of these indicators, a questionnaire was framed and opinion of experts in this field from CRRI, PWD, BRO, Consultants, RITES etc. was obtained and with the opinion of experts, rating to these indicators was assigned based on Fuzzy methodology.
Table 1.Identified Sustainability Indicators

S. No. SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS
A. ENVIRONMENTAL
Noise pollution during day 4.
Noise pollution during night 5.
Depletion of Green Belt 6.
Alternate schemes for make the project more sustainable
Welfare activities for family of workers 10.
First Aid facilities 12.
Increase in stress level of residents/commuters 14.
Impact on Health of residents/commuters 15.
Impact on safety of residents/ commuters 16.
Preserving the social spaces like cremation ground, Sur Ghat 17.
Public attraction with the aesthetics of the Project 18.
Utility of the Project to Public 19.
Increase in cost of Construction due to lack of funds 24.
Increase in cost of Construction due to time overrun D. TECHNICAL

25.
Display of Project Details 26.
Visibility and sight distance to moving traffic 28.
Lighting of Construction site 29.
Barricading the site 30.
Effectiveness of Technology used 31.
Handling of C & D Waste 32.
Quality Assurance on the Project E. GOVERNANCE

33.
Ensuring the mobility of Traffic within the project area by traffic Marshalls 34.
Maintenance of existing drainage system 35.
Maintenance of Barricades 36.
Maintenance of existing utilities 37.
Maintenance of existing greenery 38.
Time over run due to delay in Govt.decisions 39.
Time over run due to mismanagement at site
Performance of Rituals at site like Vishvakarma Puja, May Day 42.
Celebration during Festivals at site 43.
Motivation to workers by reward policy or otherwise Based on Fuzzy theory, the ratings were assigned to these 43 indicators, as reflected in Table 1.
In later stages a survey was conducted in commuters and residents nearby to evaluate the measures adopted by client and the construction agency in the form of questionnaire with rating scale of 0 to 9.Where 9 meant best arrangements and 0 signifies least arrangements causing maximum inconvenience.

Definition 1
A fuzzy set ã in a universe of discourse X is characterized by a membership function ã(x) that maps each element x in X to a real number in the interval [0, 1].The function value ã(x) is termed the grade of membership of x in ã (Kaufmann and Gupta ,1991).The nearer the value of ã(x) is to unity, the higher the grade of membership of x is in ã.

Linguistic variables and fuzzy set theory
In fuzzy set theory, conversion scales are used to transform the qualitative terms into fuzzy numbers.A scale of 0-9 is used to rate the criteria and the alternatives.Table 2 represent the conversion schemes for the qualitative, alternative and criteria ratings.(5,7,9) Good (G) (5,7,9) Very High (VH) (7,9,9) Very good (VG) (7,9,9)

VIKOR Method
In 1998 VIKOR (Vlse kriterijumska Optimizacija IKompromisno Resenje) method was developed by the Opricovic for the multi-criteria optimization of the complex systems.VIKOR method focuses on ranking and sorting a set of alternatives against various decision criteria assuming that compromising is only adequate to resolve conflicts.Alike some other MCDM methods like TOPSIS, VIKOR depends on an aggregating function that signifies closeness to the ideal, but unlike the TOPSIS, introduces the ranking index based on the particular measures of closeness to the ideal solutions and hence this method uses linear normalization for eliminating units of the criterion functions (Opricovic & Tzeng, 2004).
The VIKOR strategy was introduced as one appropriate method for actualizing within MCDM issue and was produced as a multi criteria choice for making a procedure to tackle a discrete decision making problem with non-commensurable and clashing criteria.This method focuses on the ranking and selection from a set of alternatives, and evaluates the compromise solution for a problem within conflicting criteria, which can aid the decision makers to reach a final solution.
The multi-criteria measure for bargain positioning is produced from the LP-metric utilized as a totaling capacity as a part of a trade off programming method.
Assuming that each alternative is evaluated according to each criterion function, the compromise ranking could be performed by comparing the measure of closeness to the ideal alternative.The various m alternatives are denoted as A1,A2,……Am.For alternative Ai, the rating of the j th aspect is denoted by fij (i= 1,2,….m; j=1,2,… n), i.e., fij is the value of j th criterion function for the alternative Ai, n is the number of criteria.
Revista ALCONPAT, 7 (1), 2017: 1 -14 Sustainability evaluation of two iconic bridge corridors under construction using Fuzzy Vikor technique: A case study S. Bansal, A. Singh, S. K. Singh 7 The compromise ranking algorithm of the VIKOR method has the following steps: Step 1: To Assign ratings to various alternatives sites and criteria by decision makers (K Nos.) and experts (L Nos.)Let us take a set of m alternatives sites called A = {A1, A2, ..., Am} which we need to evaluate against a set of n criteria, that is C = {C1, C2, ..., Cn}.
Step 9: To propose a compromise solution for the alternative (A (1) ) which is the best ranked by the measure Q(minimum) if the following two conditions are satisfied.

C1: Acceptable advantage
Where A (2) is the alternative that holds second position in the ranking list according to Q and DQ = 1/J-1, where j is number of criteria (10)

C2: Acceptable stability in decision making
The alternative A (1) should also be the best ranked by R or/and S. The settlement solution is stable only within a specific decision making process, and that could be the strategy of maximum group utility (when v>0.5 is needed), or -by consensus when v = 0.5, or -with veto ie (v<0.5).If one Revista ALCONPAT, 7 (1), 2017: 1 -14 Sustainability evaluation of two iconic bridge corridors under construction using Fuzzy Vikor technique: A case study S. Bansal, A. Singh, S. K. Singh 9 of the above conditions is not satisfied, then a set of settlement solutions is proposed, which consists of:  Alternatives A (1) and A (2) if only the condition C2 is not satisfied Or  Alternatives A (1), A (2), ... A(M) if the condition C1 is not satisfied; A(M) is determined by the relation Q(A(M)) -Q(A(1)) < DQ for maximum M (the position of these alternatives are in closeness).

NUMERICAL APPLICATION OF FUZZY LOGIC
In this section sustainability evaluation of the two transportation corridors as alternative sites namely A1 and A2, in Delhi, under construction have been carried out using the Fuzzy VIKOR technique.These project sites are Barapulla Elevated Corridor (A1) constructed by PWD and Signature Bridge (A2) constructed by DTTDC.A committee of 10 experts (E1, E2… E10) was formed to obtain the qualitative ratings for the criteria and the alternatives.The qualitative ratings into fuzzy triangular numbers and then we generate aggregate ratings using the equation (1).The following Table presents the aggregate fuzzy decision matrix for the both the alternative sites.Generate aggregate crisp ratings for both the alternative sites using equation (4).Based on these values, we will calculate the best fj* and the worst fj-values of all 43 criteria using equation ( 5) Following table presents the values of Si, Ri and Qi for the two alternatives calculated using equations ( 6) -( 8).The values of S*= 0.736, S -= 5.76, R*= 0.163, R -=0.188 are computed using equation (9).  ) ) ≥ DQ ,where A (1) ) is the best ranked by the measure Q(minimum) and in our case it is A1 We have Q(A2) -Q(A1) = 1 -0 = 1 > 0.0238, hence the condition QA (1) -QA (2) ≥ DQ is satisfied.
2).C2: Acceptable stability in decision making using equation 10 Since site A1 is best ranked by Si and Ri (considering the -"by consensus rule v =0.5"), therefore it is declared to be as a more sustainable corridor.

Results
The Fuzzy VIKOR technique was applied for sustainability evaluation of two major transportation corridors under construction i.e. (A1, A2) in New Delhi city.These projects were Barapulla Elevated Corridor being constructed by PWD (A1) and Signature Bridge being constructed by DTTDC (A2).The Final outcomes after the numerical application of Fuzzy VIKOR method exhibit that the site A1, i.e Barapulla Elevated Corridor being constructed by PWD is found to be more sustainable under the given conditions and the identified sustainability indicators

Discussions
The five-step methodology defined in this research can be used for any transport corridor to develop sustainability indicators.The five steps are i.Selection of a corridor under construction and defining the infrastructure criteria for the corridor ii.Developing the sustainability indicator categories iii.Identifying the sustainability indicators iv.Compilation of a proforma that include sustainability indicators and corresponding columns for rating v. Assigning the quantitative as well as qualitative ratings to the recognized indicators by furnishing the ratings from the field expert's opinions Each of these steps can be applied to evaluate a sustainable transportation corridor through construction in an urban environment.This process began with the requisite for categorization of the sustainability from its existing three pillars i.e.Economic, Social and Environmental aspects and excelled with the development of three more vital categories namely Governance, Technical and Inner Engineering.In later stages the individual parameters/indicators under these 6 sustainability categories were recognized by visiting the corridors through construction and consultation with the field experts.Finally, the process completed with the compilation of a proforma that furnishes Qualitative as well as Quantitative ratings to each identified sustainability indicator from the experts.
The aggregated fuzzy weights (wij) corresponding to each criterion are calculated as wj = (wj1; wj2w1, w2… wn) corresponding to each of the 'n' criteria Crisp rating wj = (wj1 + 4*wj2 + wj3)/6Similaly aggregated fuzzy rating for each of the alternative m sites is computed.Rk = (ak, bk, ck), where k=1,2,...,K, then the aggregated fuzzy rating is defined by R=(a, b, c), k=1,2,...,K where;The fuzzy decision matrix (D) for the criteria (Cj) and the alternatives (Ai) is constructed as followsdefuzzify the elements of the fuzzy decision matrix corresponding to the alternatives and the criteria weights into crisp values.a fuzzy number a~= (a1, a2, a3) can be converted into a crisp number a by employing the below equation:

Table 2 .
Fuzzy transformation for qualitative criteria weightage and site ratings

Table 3 .
Qualitative assessments and aggregate fuzzy criteria ratings Sustainability evaluation of two iconic bridge corridors under construction using FuzzyVikor technique: A case study S. Bansal, A. Singh, S. K. Singh

Table 4 .
The best values fj* and the worst values fj-of the 43 criteria Sustainability evaluation of two iconic bridge corridors under construction using Fuzzy Vikor technique: A case study S. Bansal, A. Singh, S. K. Singh

Table 5
Table6ranks the two alternatives, by sorting the values of Si, Ri and Qi obtained from Table5in the ascending order.It can be seen from the above results as presented in Table6that site 1 that is Barapulla Elevated Corridor by the PWD is the best ranked by the measure of least value of Qi.Therefore we now cross-examine it for the given two conditions those have been earlier discussed.